Named after mathematician John Nash, this is a state where no player can improve their outcome by changing their strategy while the other players keep theirs unchanged.

In game theory, talk is cheap. "I’ll quit if I don't get a raise" is a threat, but is it a credible one?

To outsmart someone, you must "signal" your intentions through actions that have a cost. This is called Signaling . If you take an action that would be too expensive or risky if you were lying, people will believe you are telling the truth.

If every coffee shop on the block is lowering prices to compete (a race to the bottom), don't join them. Change the game by offering a loyalty program or a unique atmosphere. You’ve shifted from a "Price Game" to a "Value Game."