c) Beginning of the meeting of civilizations (the "Encounter of Two Worlds"). Example 2: The Reformation in Europe

c) The first circumnavigation of the globe by Ferdinand Magellan (1519–1522).

c) Advancement in shipbuilding and navigation (caravels, astrolabes). a) Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1492).

Below are three examples for the most common topics in the 7th-grade curriculum (based on textbooks by Yudovskaya and Baranov). Example 1: Great Geographical Discoveries (VGO)

b) Discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama (1497–1499).

b) The search for a new sea route to India due to Ottoman conquests.

a) Formation of the first colonial empires (Spain, Portugal).