The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939-1945 May 2026

: Nazi propaganda successfully framed the conflict not as a war of aggression, but as a defensive struggle for national survival. Many Germans believed they were fighting to prevent a repeat of the 1918 defeat and to protect their families from "Judeo-Bolshevism".

: Stargardt presents evidence that the Holocaust was an "open secret" among the German public. Many civilians and soldiers were aware of the mass killings and even viewed the Allied bombing of German cities as a form of divine or "Jewish" retribution for these crimes. The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939-1945

: Unlike standard histories that suggest morale collapsed after the 1943 defeat at Stalingrad, Stargardt argues that these setbacks actually radicalized German society. The existential threat of total defeat spurred a "patriotic defiance" that kept the nation fighting until the very end. : Nazi propaganda successfully framed the conflict not