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France emerged as the dominant power on the continent, while the Holy Roman Empire began a long, slow decline into a loose collection of independent states.

More people died from typhus and plague—spread by marching armies—than from actual combat. 4. The Turning Point: Gustavus Adolphus thirty-years-war

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, evolving from a local religious dispute into a massive struggle for continental power. 1. The Spark: Defenestration of Prague France emerged as the dominant power on the

The Peace of Augsburg was reaffirmed and expanded to include Calvinism, effectively ending the era of large-scale religious wars in Europe. thirty-years-war