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Istanbul) between 1919 and 1923 . Commanded by , who served simultaneously as the U.S. High Commissioner and chief diplomat, this force navigated a volatile landscape following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire . Major Operations and Humanitarian Missions America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst...

: In September 1922, during the climax of the Turkish Nationalist Revolution, the fleet conducted a massive evacuation of nearly 200,000 Greek and Armenian refugees from the burning city of Smyrna (modern-day : Available in hardcover, paperback, and Kindle formats

: The original publisher's details and direct purchase options. Commanded by , who served simultaneously as the U

: Naval vessels coordinated the arrival and protection of "Hoover grain ships," delivering vital food aid to millions suffering from famine in southern Russia .